In the long period from 1500 to 1800, western European nation-states were all influenced by a set of ideas known as mercantilism(重商主義). (1) Mercantilist doctrine and institutions were important because they were held by practical businesspeople and heads of state who strongly influenced public policy and institutional change.

The primary aim of mercantilists was to achieve power and wealth for the state. To generate an inflow of gold or silver through trade, the value of exports should exceed the value of imports. And the state could attain great power only if political and economic unity became a fact. (2) If all the materials necessary to foster domestic industry were not available, they could best be obtained by establishing colonies or friendly foreign trading posts from which such goods could be imported. And a strong merchant marine could carry foreign goods, thereby helping to secure favorable trade balances. (3) Mercantilists believed that these means of achieving national power could be made effective by the passage and strict enforcement of legislation regulating economic life.

(4) Almost as soon as Virginia tobacco began to be shipped in commercial quantities to England, King James I levied a tax on it while agreeing to prohibit the growth of competing tobacco in England. Taxes, regulation, and subsidies were all used as mercantile policies, but the primary ones that affected the colonies were the Navigation Acts.

In 1640s, Americans had slipped into the habit of shipping their goods directly to continental ports, and the Dutch made great inroads into the carrying trade of the colonies. After the Restoration, England was in a position to enforce a strict commercial policy, beginning with the Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663. Despite the continued modifications to these acts by policy changes, it is sufficient to note three primary categories of trade restriction:

(5) All trade of the colonies was to be carried in vessels that were English built and owned, commanded by an English captain, and manned by a crew of whom three-quarters were English.

All foreign merchants were excluded from dealing directly in the commerce of the English colonies. They could engage in colonial trade only through England and merchants resident there.

Certain commodities produced in the colonies could be exported only to England (essentially any destination within the Empire). These "enumerated" goods included sugar, tobacco, cotton, indigo, ginger, and various dyewoods.

參考答案

1.重商主義學(xué)說與制度之所以重要是因?yàn)樗鼈儽痪哂杏绊懥Φ纳倘撕驼�府首腦們信奉，而正是這些人強(qiáng)有力地影響著國(guó)家公共政策與制度的變革。
2.如果促進(jìn)國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展所需的物資難以獲得，則最好是通過建立殖民地或友好的國(guó)外商棧來進(jìn)口。
3.重商主義者認(rèn)為，這些增強(qiáng)國(guó)力的手段可以由通過并嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行規(guī)范經(jīng)濟(jì)生活的法規(guī)來實(shí)現(xiàn)。
4.幾乎在弗吉尼亞的煙草剛開始大批運(yùn)往英國(guó)時(shí)，英王詹姆士一世便對(duì)此征稅，同時(shí)同意禁止在英國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性地種植煙草。
5.凡殖民地的貿(mào)易，其所用船只必須是英國(guó)制造和擁有，船長(zhǎng)和至少3／4的船員也必須是英國(guó)人。